Cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP)

Cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP)  is an important intracellular second messenger that mediates multiple tissue and cellular responses. The cGMP pathway is a key player in cardiac pathophysiology, and its modulation by drugs such as phosphodiesterase inhibitors and guanylate cyclase activators may represent a promising therapeutic approach for acute myocardial infarction, cardiac hypertrophy, heart failure, and doxorubicin cardiotoxicity in patients. Furthermore, PDE-5 inhibitors may prove to be novel therapeutic agents for improving doxorubicin chemosensitivity while also providing cardiac benefits.

Cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP) is a crucial intracellular second messenger that regulates fundamental myocardial physiological processes, from acute contraction/relaxation to chronic gene expression, cell growth, and apoptosis.

Cyclic guanosine monophosphate is similar to cyclic AMP, except that cGMP contains the nitrogenous base guanine instead of adenine. It is derived from GTP. There are two main pathways for its synthesis: one via a membrane-bound guanylyl cyclase linked to a natriuretic peptide receptor, and the other via a soluble guanylyl cyclase activated by nitric oxide. Like cyclic AMP, cGMP is broken down by phosphodiesterases. Some phosphodiesterases act only on cGMP, while others can hydrolyze both cAMP and cGMP.

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